What do you call the translator which takes assembly language program as input &

What do you call the translator which takes assembly language program as input & produce machine language code as output?

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1) In which year was chip used inside the computer for the first time?

2) Computer instructions written with the use of English words instead of binary machine code is called

3) Which of the printers used in conjunction with computers uses dry ink powder?

4) A disadvantage of the laser printer is

5) Operating system, editors, and debuggers comes under?